Definition and Key Concepts
Union-State Relations refer to the distribution of legislative, administrative, and financial powers between the Union (Central) and the State governments as outlined in the Indian Constitution. This division ensures a federal structure while maintaining a strong central government. It is primarily governed by Part XI (Articles 245–263) of the Constitution of India.
Historical Background and Evolution
India adopted a quasi-federal structure, influenced by the Government of India Act, 1935, which provided for a three-fold distribution of powers. The framers of the Constitution sought to balance autonomy of states with the need for unity, especially in the context of post-Partition integration.
Statutory Framework
The Indian Constitution demarcates three types of relations:
- Legislative Relations (Articles 245–255)
- Union List (List I): Exclusive powers of Parliament (e.g., defence, foreign affairs).
- State List (List II): Powers of state legislatures (e.g., police, public health).
- Concurrent List (List III): Both can legislate (e.g., criminal law, marriage). In case of conflict, Union law prevails under Article 254.
- Administrative Relations (Articles 256–263)
- States must comply with Union laws.
- Article 258 allows delegation of Union powers to states.
- Financial Relations (Articles 268–293)
- Parliament controls taxation under the Union List.
- Finance Commission (Article 280) recommends distribution of tax revenues.
Doctrinal Analysis and Academic Commentary
The Indian model leans towards cooperative federalism. Scholars argue that, although structurally federal, the dominance of the Centre—especially through residuary powers and emergency provisions—gives India a centralised federalism.
Landmark Case Laws
- State of West Bengal v. Union of India (1963) AIR 1241
- The Supreme Court held that the Union could acquire land in a state without its consent, reinforcing the Centre’s supremacy.
- SR Bommai v. Union of India (1994) 3 SCC 1
- A landmark judgment on federalism and misuse of Article 356, emphasizing the basic structure doctrine and limits on Centre’s power.
- State of Karnataka v. Union of India (1977) 4 SCC 608
- Held that the Union can seek reports from states but cannot interfere unless constitutionally empowered.
Contemporary Relevance and Real-Life Examples
Recent issues, such as the GST regime, farm laws, and pandemic response, highlight the tension and cooperation between the Union and states. For instance, during COVID-19 lockdowns, many state governments raised concerns over unilateral decisions taken by the Centre.
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Comparative Analysis
Compared to the U.S., where states have greater autonomy, Indian federalism grants more control to the Centre. In contrast, Canada also features strong federal dominance, similar to India.
Critical Perspectives and Scholarly Views
Critics argue that the centralising tendencies in India weaken the idea of true federalism. Recommendations from bodies like the Sarkaria Commission and Punchhi Commission advocate for cooperative federalism and more autonomy for states.
Conclusion
Union-State Relations are the backbone of India’s federal governance. While the Constitution provides a robust structure, political and fiscal realities demand continuous dialogue, cooperation, and reforms for better Centre-State synergy.
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Illustrative Example
A conflict between the Centre and a state on implementing the National Education Policy is an example of legislative overlap under the Concurrent List. The Union’s policy direction may override a state’s dissent unless challenged and struck down in court.
